How to connect an intent to a function

I don't see how to specify the function that an intent filter calls or how to get the arguments (data) from that intent.

For instance, say in my AndroidManifest.xml file I have the following:

<intent-filter>
     <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"></action>
     <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"></category>
     <category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE"></category>
     <data android:host="example.com" android:scheme="http"></data>
</intent-filter>

A user goes to http://ift.tt/1HMV2Mh - an app-chooser pops up and the user chooses my app (let's call it MyApp). So what gets called within MyApp and how do I get the arguments, in this case /some-end-point that was called?

How do I specify what block of code this intent refers to ... Do I register it within the Java code or do I specify it in the XML?

Sorry for the basic question but I've been unable to find this after quite literally days of searching and going through the sample code.